Q1. The reads are 70nt long Q2. Total number of reads: 4425188/4=1,106,297 reads Q3. 77440790/1106297 = 70 (yes) Q4. 77440790/6588339 = 11.75X Q5. 4*11.75 = 47X Q6. Qualities were trimmed from the 3', however the adapter removal doesnt look like it worked so well. An additional trimming could be to remove the first 10nt of the reads by hard-clipping. This can be done using prinseq-lite (the 454/Ion Torrent exercise below) or the FastX toolkit (CHiP-seq exercise) Q7. Ion Torrent has much lower quality scores that Illumina in general, the average quality score is only around 15. 454 has very high qualities until ~500nt, the average quality is also high. For the very long reads (>600nt) the ends are quite bad and should be removed. The average sequence length is bimodal, with very short reads (<150nt) and long reads ~450nt. We should probably not use the short reads.